![]() Random-access memory (RAM), which stores the code and data that are being actively accessed by the CPU.The chipset, which includes the north bridge, mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory as well as south bridge, which is connected to the north bridge, and supports auxiliary interfaces and buses and, finally, a Super I/O chip, connected through the south bridge, which supports the slowest and most legacy components like serial ports, hardware monitoring and fan control.Many modern computers have the option to overclock the CPU which enhances performance at the expense of greater thermal output and thus a need for improved cooling. The clock speed of the CPU governs how fast it executes instructions and is measured in GHz typical values lie between 1 GHz and 5 GHz. Many newer CPUs include an on-die graphics processing unit (GPU). It is usually cooled by a heatsink and fan, or water-cooling system. The CPU is a microprocessor, which is fabricated on a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. It takes program instructions from random-access memory (RAM), interprets and processes them and then sends back results so that the relevant components can carry out the instructions. The CPU (central processing unit), which performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is referred to as the brain of the computer.Ĭomponents directly attached to or to part of the motherboard include: The integrated circuit (IC) chips in a computer typically contain billions of tiny metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It is a board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives ( CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. The motherboard is the main component of a computer. They are sometimes called "2-in-1 detachable laptops" or "tablet-laptop hybrids". Some models of laptop computers have a detachable keyboard, which allows the system to be configured as a touch-screen tablet. Some tablets include fold-out keyboards, or offer connections to separate external keyboards. Tablets generally weigh less and are smaller than laptops. Tablets are portable computers that use a touch screen as the primary input device. Instead of a mouse, laptops may have a touchpad or pointing stick. The monitor in the folding upper cover of the case can be closed for transportation, to protect the screen and keyboard. Laptops contain the keyboard, display, and processor in one case. They may use lower-power or reduced size components, with lower performance than a similarly priced desktop computer. Laptops are designed for portability but operate similarly to desktop PCs. Separating the elements allows the user to arrange the components in a pleasing, comfortable array, at the cost of managing power and data cables between them. Some models of desktop computers integrated the monitor and keyboard into the same case as the processor and power supply. The computer case holds the motherboard, fixed or removable disk drives for data storage, the power supply, and may contain other peripheral devices such as modems or network interfaces. Desktop personal computers have a monitor, a keyboard, a mouse, and a computer case. The personal computer is one of the most common types of computer due to its versatility and relatively low price. Inside a custom-built computer: power supply at the bottom has its own cooling fan
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